Classification+of+Organisms

This unit is HUGE in content, but is primarily memorization of the key features (and evolutionary progression) of the tree of life.

Here is a list of the Chapters/Topics (Campbell, 6th and 8th ed) that we will cover in class:

Photographic Scavenger Hunt

Chapter 26 - Review of Cladistics/Trees/Classification Schemes //(**Bry**an is sitting on the **mosses**, **pter**rified of the **ferns**, **Gym** comes by with a "**cone**, " but **Angi**e really likes **flowers**)//
 * endosymbiotic theory/endosymbiosis
 * bacterial fossils = stromatolites
 * 3 Domains: Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
 * 5/6 kingdom system
 * **Monera (Bacteria/Archaea)**
 * unicellular
 * prokaryotic (no membrane-bound organelles)
 * Can be photoautotrophs (cyanobacteria or blue-green algae), chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotroph
 * circular ds DNA in nucleoid
 * aerobic/anaerobic
 * archaea in extreme environments
 * **Fungi**
 * eukaryotic
 * mostly multicellular
 * decomposers, mutualistic, or parasitic
 * heterotrophic by absorption
 * extracellular digestion
 * chitin cell wall
 * mainly sessile (don't move)
 * **Protista**
 * eukaryotic
 * mostly unicellular
 * photoautotrophs (algae) or chemoheterotrophs (protozoans/slime molds)
 * very diverse group
 * some have cell walls, some don't
 * contractile vacuoles in fresh water species that don't have cell walls (removes water so they don't burst)
 * Plantae
 * eukaryotic
 * multicellular
 * photoautotrophs
 * 4 main groups:
 * bryophytes (nonvascular plants - like mosses)
 * pteridophytes (vascular seedless plants - no seeds - like ferns)
 * gymnosperms (vascular seed plants - have "naked" seeds not enclosed by fruit - many times they have cones)
 * angiosperms (vascular seed plants with fruits enclose seeds, have flowers)
 * **Animalia**
 * eukaryotic
 * multicellular
 * chemoheterotrophic by ingestion
 * no cell wall
 * have a motile stage in their lifetime

INTERNET LAB - Using Molecular Databases Chapter 27 - Prokaryotic Domains > > > > > LAB: Examining Bacteria with MICROVIEWERS > Chapter 28 - Protist Diversity/origins of eukaryotes/alternate classification schemes > COMMON CLASSIFICATION
 * Archaea
 * Bacteria
 * Archaea is more similar to eukarya
 * Means of genetic recombination
 * //mutation// (asexually reproduce)
 * //conjugation// - exchange of (plasmid) DNA through a pilus
 * //transduction// - virus transfers DNA between bacteria
 * //transformation// - assimilation of "naked" DNA from environment
 * Gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria
 * Algae - described by photosynthetic pigments
 * Diatoms - glass-like "shells"
 * Euglena - 1 flagella
 * Dinoflagellates - 2 flagella; cause red tide; (bioluminescence)
 * Brown algae (kelps, seaweeds)
 * red algae - photosynthesize deeper
 * //green algae - closest relative to land plants!!!!//
 * Protozoans - classified by movement
 * Amoeba - by pseudopod ("false foot")
 * Flagellates (by flagella)
 * Ciliates (by cilia) Paramecium
 * Sporozoans - can't move
 * Slime molds
 * fungus-like
 * absorb

LAB: Examining Protists with MIcroscopes.Microviewers Chapter 29 - Plants I : Evolution of plants - Nonvascular plants and Vascular, Seedless plants
 * Cell wall = cellulose
 * nonvascular do not have xylem and phloem - rely on diffusion for transport
 * alternation of generations
 * sporophyte stage
 * diploid (2n)
 * makes spores(n) by meiosis
 * except for bryophytes, is the dominant stage in most plants
 * gametophyte state
 * haploid (n)
 * makes gametes (n) by mitosis
 * is dependent upon the sporophyte except for mosses and ferns (both independent)

Chapter 30 - Plants II: Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) Chapter 31 - Fungi: Diversity and Importance Chapter 32: Animals I: Characteristics of Animals
 * heterotrophic by ingestion
 * no cell walls
 * HOX genes
 * diploid life cycle with haploid gametes
 * nerve and muscle cells

Chapter 33: Animals II: Invertebrate Classification and Importance Chapter 34: Animals III: Chordates LAB/PROJECT: Photo Scavenger Hunt
 * parazoa or eumetazoa (do they have tissues?)
 * Parazoa do not have tissues (simplest animals)
 * P. Porifers
 * (sponges) generally asymmetrical or radially symetrical
 * filter feeders, reproduce by budding or sexually
 * adults are sessile (don't move)
 * all marine species (isotonic environment)
 * don't have nerves or muscles, but they do have inactive genes for them
 * Terns
 * PARAZOA VS. EUMETAZOA
 * TRIPLOBLASTIC VS. DIPLOBLASTIC
 * COEOLOMATE, ACOELOMATE, PSEUDOCOELOMATE
 * PROTOSTOME, DEUTEROSTOME
 * Two ideas for classification

Here is the Study Guide for this Unit

These are also listed on the Discussion Board. You are required to make TEN quality posts to receive FULL CREDIT for this assignment. Assignments for this Unit (Graded)
 * DB - Study Guide Ch 26-34 (100 point MINOR grade)
 * Completed Study Guide emailed to me (saved as "Classification_YourName.doc") Put your name in the HEADER of the document as well as answer all questions in a different color font. Email me barnhardtge@hickoryschools.net (100 point MINOR grade)
 * WebAssign - ( 87 point MINOR grade)
 * Lab - Monera Microviewers (50 point MINOR grade)
 * Lab - Protista Viewing (100 point MINOR grade)
 * Photograph Scavenger Hunt - 100 point MAJOR grade (counts as test for unit)[[file:AP Biological Scavenger Hunt.doc]]